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\title{Intensifying the Security of Multiomodal Biometric Authentication System using Watermarking}
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\begin{document}

             \author[1]{Shashi  Choudhary}

             \author[2]{Naveen  Choudhary}

             \affil[1]{  College of Technology and Engineering,India/MPUAT,Udaipur(Raj),India}

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\date{\small \em Received: 13 December 2014 Accepted: 2 January 2015 Published: 15 January 2015}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


In Multimodal biometrics system two or more biometric attributes are combined which makes it far more secure than unimodal system as it nullifies all the vulnerabilities of it. But with the prompt ontogenesis of information technology, even the biometric data is not secure. There is one such technique that is implemented to secure the biometric data from inadvertent or deliberate attacks is known as Digital watermarking. This paper postulate an approach that is devise in both the directions of enlarging the security through watermarking technique and improving the efficiency of biometric identification system by going multimodal. Three biometric traits are consider in this paper two of them are physical traits i.e. ; face, fingerprint and one is behavioral trait (signature).The biometric traits are initially metamorphose using Discrete Wavelet and Discrete Cosine Transformation and then watermarked using Singular Value Decomposition. Scheme depiction and presented results rationalize the effectiveness of the scheme.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{discrete cosine transform (dct), discrete wavelet transform (dwt), singular value decomposition, multimodal biometrics, watermarking.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Introduction}]{Introduction}\par
n this span of Electronic advancement and Information technology, electronic access/verification of individuals to service or work place is becoming crucial so as to prevent any act of compromise to the integrity of the organization or individual. Authenticating the identity of an individual is imperative for completion of all personal or commercial transactions. We can obviate forgery and fraudulent activities if one initiates its identity with conviction which is unattainable in case of traditional authentication system that are either knowledge based or token based. This has shepherd in the emergence and genesis of a new technological area known as biometric recognition, or merely expressed as biometrics \hyperref[b0]{[1]}. Biometric is a unique feature, a measurable trait or characteristic which is utilized in electronically identifying or verifying the identity of a human being. Biometrics which is an ominous combination of modern science and technology with human attributes can be used to protect and secure our material information/data and property. Biometrics system is referred to as the automated means of identification of individuals based on their physiological characteristics like fingerprints, iris, hand geometry, face recognition etc. or behavioral characteristic that include voice, gait recognition, keystroke scanning, signaturescan. Biometric attributes of the user are abiding and also these characteristics are unique for every individual and cannot be altered or lost easily. Thus biometrics is believed to be an authentic technology and more advanced in comparison to other contemporary techniques. Biometric authentication systems have inherent advantages over conventional personal identification techniques \hyperref[b1]{[2]}. However, the security of biometrics data is preeminent and must be shielded from external intrusion and tampering as they are not endowed with security themselves \hyperref[b0]{[1]}. It is therefore of utmost importance to provide security to the biometric templates of individuals at all times.\par
Encryption is a way to address this issue \hyperref[b2]{[3,}\hyperref[b3]{4]}. Encryption does not subscribe to the much needed mutually integrated security and is futile once the data is decrypted after it is being transmitted over the network. Cryptography uses methods of encryption to generate secure information. As encryption and cryptography are not fully competent of creating security throughout the life of the work \hyperref[b3]{[4]}, digital watermarking has emerged as a plausible solution. A segment of information termed as watermark, is embedded into the cover image using a secret key, in such a way that the data of the cover image are not amend to the extent that are perceptible to the Human Visual System is termed as biometric watermarking. There are two type of biometric system one is unimodal and other is multimodal biometric system. The unimodal biometric modalities may not fulfill the demand of challenging applications in terms of acceptability, collectability, circumvention, universality, uniqueness, performance, permanence. These factors paved a way for the development of multimodal biometric authentication system. More than one biometric character is used in order to identify an individual in multimodal biometric system. Multimodal biometric systems provide higher recognition rate in compare to unimodal systems \hyperref[b4]{[5]}. The physical biometric modalities, such as fingerprint, face and iris are widely used conventional and effective modalities \hyperref[b5]{[6]}.  
\section[{Intensifying the Security of Multiomodal Biometric Authentication System using Watermarking}]{Intensifying the Security of Multiomodal Biometric Authentication System using Watermarking}\par
This paper emphasizes on watermarking face image, fingerprint image and with signature image by using a robust watermarking scheme, for intensifying the security and performance of multimodal biometrics authentication system. It also emphasizes on comparing both the images with the original images in order to verify that it does not affect the recognition capacity of the overall system by watermarking and extraction procedure. 
\section[{II. Background Details a) Watermarking}]{II. Background Details a) Watermarking}\par
To authenticate image and prevent it from forgery watermarking is being used for centuries. Watermarking \hyperref[b6]{[7,}\hyperref[b7]{8,}\hyperref[b8]{9]} is the technique of embedding data into elements such as an image, audio or video file for authentication purpose. Presently, watermarks are embedded in digital images so that authorized person can propound ownership and confirm the validity of their data values. There are numerous applications where security is a vital issue so in those cases embedded watermark must be invisible, robust and should have a high capacity .Generally watermarking is used for hiding information imperceptibly in digital text for shielding its integrity. The necessity for watermarks in varied scenarios differ as per their need. Embedding a single watermark into the content at the source of distribution is sufficient for identification of the origin of content \hyperref[b10]{[11]}. Unique watermark is required for tracing illicit copies, based on the identity or location of the recipient in the network.\par
Recently, a number of watermarking schemes have been developed using two of the most popular transforming techniques which are Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The generic model of watermark embedding and extraction is shown in Fig. \hyperref[fig_1]{1}.  The 2D DCT of any given matrix gives the frequency coefficients in context of another matrix. The highest frequency coefficients are depicted at the Right bottom most corner of the matrix while the lowest frequency coefficients are depicted at the left top most corner of the matrix. 
\section[{Formula for 2-D DCT:}]{Formula for 2-D DCT:}\par
F(m,n) = Formula for 2-D inverse DCT:F(i,j) =\par
Where, 
\section[{d) Singular Value Decomposition}]{d) Singular Value Decomposition}\par
SVD is powerful mechanism for image transformation. SVD is based on a theorem from linear algebra which states that a rectangular matrix A can be cleave into the product of three matrices; U -an orthogonal matrix, S-a diagonal matrix, and V -the transpose of an orthogonal matrix. The theorem is represented as:A m*n = U m*m S m*n V T n*n\par
Where;\par
U T U = I; V T V = I;\par
The columns of U are orthonormal eigenvectors of AA T , The columns of V are orthonormal eigenvectors of A T A, and S represent the diagonal matrix that hold the square roots of eigen values from U or V in descending order.\par
III. 
\section[{The Proposed Method}]{The Proposed Method}\par
One biometric data is watermarked with another biometric data using SVD based hybrid watermarking scheme. In the propound scheme face image is used as the host image or cover image which is watermarked using the fingerprint and signature image. The Hybrid watermarking technique is delineate algorithmically as well as schematically. 
\section[{a) Watermark Embedding Algorithm}]{a) Watermark Embedding Algorithm}\par
First of all we take face image as a cover image, weinput the Cover image I and exert DWT on the Cover image I, DWT crumble image into four sub-bands LL, HL, LH and HH Moreover after decomposing into four sub-bands DCT is applied to all the high frequency bands and SVD is also applied to all the high frequency bands to attain the matrices SH1\textunderscore I, SH2\textunderscore I and SH3\textunderscore I. Both Watermark images W1,W2 is given as input then DWT is applied on the Watermark images W1,W2 which crumble into two pair of four sub-bands LL1, HL1, LH1, HH1, LL2, HL2, LH2, HH2. DCT is applied to all high frequency bands further SVD is applied to all the higher frequency bands and acquire the relevant matrices .Deploy the singular values of Watermark images the singular values of the cover image are modified. Modified SVD matrix is constructed by this. Inverse DCT is applied to all high frequency bands then inverse DWT is utilize to obtain the final watermarked image. 
\section[{b) Watermark Extraction Algorithm}]{b) Watermark Extraction Algorithm}\par
Input Watermarked image is taken as W\textunderscore I. DWT is utilize on the Watermarked image W\textunderscore I; it decomposes image into four sub-bands LL\textunderscore W, HL\textunderscore W, LH\textunderscore W and HH\textunderscore W. All high frequency bands are stipulated and DCT is applied to all high bands. Then SVD is applied to all the high frequency bands to obtain the matrices SH1\textunderscore WI, SH2\textunderscore WI and SH3\textunderscore WI.SH1\textunderscore WI, SH2\textunderscore WI and SH3\textunderscore WI are altered. Modified SVD matrix is constructed. To all high frequency bands Inverse DCT is applied.\par
Inverse DWT is applied to obtain the final extracted watermark image.  
\section[{Implementation and Results}]{Implementation and Results}\par
"Watermarking is the process that embeds data called a watermark or tag into any object such that watermark can be detected or extracted later to make an assertion about the data". The watermarked image look like the original image in vision impression to a large expanse. Generally there is no clearly visible difference between the images for the Human Visual System. Therefore, this algorithm is quite good in hiding watermark. By this algorithm weobtain PSNR value between the original cover image  
\section[{Conclusion}]{Conclusion}\par
In this paper, a robust watermarking algorithm is proposed. Two watermarks images, a fingerprint and a signature is watermarked over a cover image i.e.; face image. This paper propound a discrete wavelet transform and discrete cosine transform based watermarking algorithm for biometric data. Watermarking signals are embedded in the high frequency parts of wavelet transformation domain by using Singular Value Decomposition. And before the embedding, procedure is stalked by the watermark image is also transformed using both DWT and DCT. Quantitative results show that the fingerprint, face and signature images are of good quality, after extraction of watermark the quality of host image remains quite good, also it robust against many image processing operations. This algorithm is very efficient in embedding signals.\begin{figure}[htbp]
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\caption{\label{fig_3}Fig. 3 : 1 4}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-6.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}}\end{figure}
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\noindent\textbf{66}\includegraphics[]{image-7.png}
\caption{\label{fig_5}Fig. 6 : 6 Global}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2015 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{© 2015 Global Journals Inc. (US) 1} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
