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\title{Enhancing Security to Protect E-Passport against Photo Forgery}
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             \author[1]{Muna Amin Alabed  Alhafez}

             \author[2]{Prof. Dr. Alaa Hussein  Al-Hamami}

             \affil[1]{  Amman Arab University Amman, Jordan}

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\date{\small \em Received: 9 December 2015 Accepted: 2 January 2016 Published: 15 January 2016}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


Electronic Passport (e-passport) is one of the results of the electronic revolution in the World; since the passport is the document of the person in terms of identity and nationality and is the property of the country. One of the most important challenges is to protect this document from forgery. The common forgery for the passport is replacing its holder photo. The proposed system concentrates on the security part of the e-passport. It consists of two parts; the first part is hiding of the security code by using steganography and storing the same code in the RFID tag by the issuing country of the epassport. The other part will be operated at the control point of the destination country to make sure of the e-passport validity by checking the hidden code using NFC and verify it with the one in the RFID tag. If the two values are equal, then the system will compute a key using Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange. This key will be used to read the secret information in the tag.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{steganography, nearest field communication, radio frequency identification, and epassport.}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. Introduction}]{I. Introduction}\par
peed, time and security components have become the most important success factors in any developed system and at the same time number of travellers around the world is increasing continuously. Since the airports are the main ports of the States, the movement of passengers through the gates in order to verify the identity of travellers requiring high accuracy to make sure that no forgery and no impersonate the passport holder.\par
E-passport technology \hyperref[b5]{(Kundra \& et al, 2014}) has become an important substitution of the traditional passports in the access controls intended for travel around the world since the authentication of the passenger using it becomes faster, more secure, and more preserving of the privacy of passengers \hyperref[b4]{(Juels\& et al, 2005)}. In addition, the forgery processes of the traditional passports are not available in the e-Passports.\par
Some of these challenges are cloning, and spoofing of RFID. Other challenges are the impersonation and eavesdropping attacks on the reader devices. The communication between the Tag and inspection system are controlled by the cryptography techniques to overcome these types of attacks. 
\section[{II. Literature Reviews}]{II. Literature Reviews}\par
An Anti-Cloning and Anti-Skimming Protocol (ACASP) \hyperref[b7]{(Saeed \& et al, 2009)} has been proposed to counter the vulnerabilities of Basic Access Control and Active Authentication with respect to RFID chip skimming, and cloning. It takes advantage of publicprivate key pair stored in the chip and the optional data storage capacity in Machine Readable Zone (MRZ) of the passport. An advantage of ACASP is that it can be implemented without any modifications in the hardware of the reader and the Tag. And there is no need to make changes in the Logical Data Structure (LDS) of the RFID chip.\par
(Benssalah et al., 2012) proposed an authentication algorithm based on elliptic curves ElGamal encryption \hyperref[b2]{(ElGamal, 1985)}. The main benefits of this protocol are that fights against four types of security threats; Simple power analysis and timing analysis, Passive attacks, Man-in-the middle, and Replay attack.\par
Al-Hamami (Al-Hamami \& Al-Anni, 2005A) suggested some new authentication method by using a firm authentication method by extracting some features for the original name of the holder with the passport number and digest them in a form, by applying some techniques, that can be hidden in the passport's photo.\par
A method for e-passport verification depending on watermarking \hyperref[b9]{(Wang \& et al, 2013)} has been proposed which is composed of multimodal biometric feature and the parity check code of that multimodal biometric feature. The need for the multimodal biometric feature is to verify the passport owner, and the parity check code is for the verification of the integrity of the passport itself.\par
The main idea in  {\ref (Peeters et al., 2014)} is to use mutual authentication protocol pattern instead of bootstrap from the low entropy value in MRZ. In order to protect the e-passport holder's privacy, terminal authentication takes place first, and then the e-passport authentication which uses Sigma-I or IBIHOP+.\par
(Al-Hamami \& Al-Anni, 2005B) suggested a protocol to solve the problem of e-passport verification and authentication. (Al-Hamami \& Al-Anni, 2005) suggested to use an invisible watermark to be hidden in the passport headshot to solve the problem of the passport verification, and they also suggested to use Diffie-Hellman to solve the problem of mutual authentication between the e-passport and the inspection system. 
\section[{III. Statement of Problem}]{III. Statement of Problem}\par
The aim of this paper is to propose a method to enhance the security part of the epassport. Since the epassport is an international issue, we tried to use an international security method. This will be done by using an international prime number code assigned for each country, using a secret code for every country for privacy, and using unified methods Diffie-Hellman key exchange to create the exchanged key and steganography method to hide the secret code for privacy and authentication \hyperref[b3]{(Hariri \& et al, 2011}). 
\section[{IV. The Proposed Solution}]{IV. The Proposed Solution}\par
This paper aims to use a global method for greater security of epassport at airports check points. This depends on giving each country its own prime (what's wrong in this key? The main idea of Diffie-Hellman and ElGamal is to use a large prime number) number. This number should be a prime number or it will be converted to a prime number so that it can be used in the proposed framework of scrutiny and increased passport security.\par
In general, the proposed method is to use Diffie-Hellman key exchange Algorithm to share a private key between the Tag and the Inspection System (IS). The inspection system will use NFC technology in the reader devices which allows the reader to communicate with RFID Tag without needing to touch the devices together or go through multiple steps setting up a connection and allows the exchange of information between devices through short-range waves about four centimeters a maximum so as to prevent contact by mistake to other devices.\par
A calculated value will be hidden in the passport photo by using steganography method. When, the passport holder arrives the access control, and during the Diffie-Hellman key exchange process, the reader obtains a value from the Tag. Then, the reader scans the passport photo and compares the value hidden in the photo with the obtained value; if they were identical, the reader can make sure that the Tag is not cloned and it is authenticated.\par
After the mutual authentication process between the Tag and the reader, and after each of them calculates the secret key using Diffie-Hellman, the Tag sends the identification data (which are stored in plaintext format) of the passport holder using asymmetric encryption algorithm (ElGamal encryption system) to convert the plaintext into cipher-text and then the reader reconverts the cipher-text into plaintext. Figure  {\ref 1} explains the proposed framework. d) Hide the generated public key (A) in the headshot using Least Significant Bit encoding (LSB) steganography technique. Use the random number (r) as a password for the steganography process. e) Phase two is composed of four algorithms.\par
These algorithms have to be performed by the access control country.\par
VII. Algorithm One (Mutual Authentication)\par
Continue the Diffie-Hellman algorithm, which has been started in step (a) of algorithm three of phase one, in order for the chip and the reader to obtain a shared secrete key (K). 
\section[{VIII. Algorithm Two (E-Passport Chip}]{VIII. Algorithm Two (E-Passport Chip}\par
Verification)\par
a) Using ElGamal algorithm, obtain the random number (r). b) Extract the hidden value from the headshot, and use the value (r) as the password for that.\par
Obtain the public key value (A) from the chip during Diffie-Hellman algorithm.\par
Compare the extracted value in step (b) with obtained value in step (c); if they were identical, so the chip is the original one and not cloned. Otherwise, the chip is cloned and the e-passport holder must not pass the access control, and there is no need to perform the algorithms two, three, and four. Example for non-forged passport Suppose that the value of the automatically generated prime number (p) is 23, the value of the modular number (g) is 5, the value of (p) and (g) are common between the RFID and the reader. Suppose also the secret number of the RFID (a) equals 6, and the secret number of the reader device (b) equals 15. Now these values have to be followed across the overall process. Scan the headshot of the applicant. c) At the passport side, it calculates the public key (A). (A = g a mod p), (A) = 8. On the other hand, the reader device calculates its public key (B). (B = g b mod p), (B) = 19.\par
After generating the public key (A), it will be hidden in the headshot of the passport bearer. When the passenger arrives to the access control of the destination country communication between the E-Passport and the inspection system carries on. The RFID sends the value A to the reader, and the reader sends the value B to the RFID. Based on Diffie-Hellman algorithm, when the E-Passport calculates its secrete key K RFID = B a mod p (K RFID = 19 6 mod 23=2).and the reader calculates its secrete key K Raeder = A b mod p (K Raeder = 8 15 mod 23=2), and after checking the equality state of them, if they were identical, a message saying that Mutual authentication passed will appeared. Now the system will Extract the hidden value (A) from the headshot, and compare it with obtained value from the RFID chip; if they were identical, so the chip is the original one and not cloned.\par
After the passport authentication and verification, it has to encrypt the identification data using ElGamal encryption algorithm in order to send them to the reader device. The final step happens in the access control country in which the reader needs to decrypt the encrypted identification data sent to it from the E-Passport. 
\section[{X. Conclusion}]{X. Conclusion}\par
The use of e-Passport is technology increasingly used in different countries overall the world. It aims to fight against the forgery activities of the traditional passports. This paper proposed to develop a security technique to be used with the e-passport in the airports to read its holder information by using Radio Frequency technique (RFID).\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{11}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Figure 1 :Figure 1 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Enhancing}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US) 1} 			\footnote{© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{. M. Benssalah, M. Djeddou, K. Drouiche (2012). RFID authentication protocols based on ECC} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
