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\title{Evaluation of Features Extraction and Classification Techniques for Offline Handwritten Tifinagh Recognition}
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             \author[1]{Mouhcine  Rabi}

             \author[2]{Mustapha  Amrouch}

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\date{\small \em Received: 11 December 2015 Accepted: 5 January 2016 Published: 15 January 2016}

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\begin{abstract}
        


This paper presents a review on different features extraction and classification methods for off-line handwritten Amazigh characters (called Tifinagh) recognition. The features extraction methods are discussed based on Statistical, Structural, Global transformation and moments.Although a number of techniques are available for feature extraction and classification,but the choice of an excellent technique decides the degree of accuracy of recognition. A series of experimentswere performed on AMHCD databaseallowing to evaluate the effectiveness of different techniques of extraction features based on Hidden Markov models, Neural network and Support vector Machine classifiers. The statistical techniques giveencouraging results.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{handwritten recognition, tifinagh characters, extraction features (statistical, structural and global transformation), classification (HMM, MLP, SVM).}

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\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{I. INTRODUCTION}]{I. INTRODUCTION}\par
eature extraction in handwriting recognition is a very important field of image processing and object recognition. Fundamental component of characters are called features. The basic task of feature extraction and selection is to find out a group of the most effective features for classification; that is, compressing from high-dimensional feature space to low-dimensional feature space, so as to design classifier effectively.\par
Due to the nature of handwriting with its high degree of variability and imprecision obtaining these features, is a difficult task. Feature extraction methods are based on 3 types of features \hyperref[b0]{[1]}: continuous signal contains more information that can be represented for the purpose of classification \hyperref[b4]{[4]}.\par
In this paper our study was conducted to evaluate and examine the main approaches classes of extraction features on the Tifinagh script.\par
The majority of characters of this script are formed by loops, lines and curves (figure  {\ref 1}), this make it difficult to describe and sensitive to noise, the main problem is how to extracts features. This may be solved by the selection of the useful primitives customarily defined in the automatic character recognition.\par
Figure  {\ref 1}:Some Tifinagh characters from AMHCD database \hyperref[b5]{[5]} Recently the recognition of handwritten Tifinagh characters (Figure  {\ref 1}) is the subject of several researches.These studies have been published in the literature. Among these researches, we find ([6] \hyperref[b7]{[7]}[  {\ref [8][9]}[10] \hyperref[b11]{[11]}).\par
All of previous cited works used a particular type of extraction features technique. \hyperref[b6]{[6]}and [10] usedthe invariant moments aspattern sensitive features in classification and recognition. \hyperref[b7]{[7]} and \hyperref[b8]{[8]} used statistical techniques by applying respectively zoning method and freeman code to form the vector characteristics, whereas \hyperref[b9]{[9]} used the Hough transform and the extracted features are structural based on the horizontal and vertical centreline of the letter in \hyperref[b11]{[11]}.\par
To evaluate the efficiency and the relevance of each type of extracted features we have used several methods of classification (Neural Networks, Hidden Markov Model and Support Vector Machine) for the recognition of Tifinagh characters.\par
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section (2) presents the multiple techniques used to extract features from an image of Tifinagh letter after the preprocessing step. Section (3) is focused on the classification step. In section (4) we present the experimental results of several techniques used. The paper finally concludes with an analysis of the results and an introduction of future work.  
\section[{EXTRACTION FEATURES}]{EXTRACTION FEATURES}\par
After a number of preprocessing operations such as binarization, noise reduction, skeletonization and normalization, a feature extraction method is applied to extract the most relevant characteristic of the character to recognize. The performance of a character recognition system largely depends on the quality and the relevance of the extracted features.\par
Features of a character can be classified into three main classes: Statistical features, Structural or topological features and Global transformations 
\section[{a) Statistical Features}]{a) Statistical Features}\par
Statistical features are obtained from the arrangement of points constituting the character matrix. These features can be easily detected as compared to topological features. A number of techniques are used for feature extraction; some of these techniques used in this work are:\par
Zoning Zoning According to this technique the character matrix is divided into small portions or zones (figure2 (a)). The densities of pixels in each zone are calculated and used as features; more details about zoning methods for handwritten character recognition are given in \hyperref[b14]{[14]}. 
\section[{Diagonal based}]{Diagonal based}\par
Diagonal features extraction \hyperref[b15]{[15]}[16] scheme for recognizing offline handwritten characters is proposed in this work. Every character image of size 100x100 is divided into 100 equal zones, each of size 10x10 pixels (figure \hyperref[fig_1]{2(b}) )The features are extracted from each zone pixels by moving along the diagonals of its respective 10x10 pixels. Each zone has 19 diagonal lines and the foreground pixels present long each diagonal line is summed to get a single sub-feature, thus 19 subfeatures are obtained from each zone, and then are averaged to form a single feature value placed in the corresponding zone(figure  {\ref 4 (a)}). This procedure is sequentially repeated for all zones. There could be some zones whose diagonals are empty of foreground pixels, the feature value corresponding to these zone are zero. Finally 100 features are extracted for each character figure  {\ref 4(c)}. Structural features are based on topological and geometrical properties of the character, such as aspect ratio, cross points, loops, branch points, strokes and their directions, inflection between two points, horizontal curves at top or bottom, etc.\par
In this study we used the Geometric features technique proposed in \hyperref[b17]{[17]}, this technique extracts the geometric features of the character contour. These features are based on the basic line types that form the character skeleton.\par
The image is divided into windows of equal size, and the feature is done on individual windows, for the system implemented, the image was zoned into equal sized windows.\par
To extract different line segments in a particular zone, the entire skeleton in that zone should be traversed. For this purpose, certain pixels in the character skeleton were defined as starters, intersections and minor starters (figure \hyperref[fig_2]{3}). After zonal feature extraction, certain features were extracted for the entire image based on the regional properties namely: Euler Number, Regional area, Eccentricity. 
\section[{Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology}]{Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology}\par
Volume XVI Issue V Version I ii. 
\section[{a) Moment and Global Transformations}]{a) Moment and Global Transformations}\par
The global transformations are generally widely used previously in the signal processing field. Their goals are change the image representation space(character or word)to facilitate the extraction of relevant features. There are many techniques used in handwritten recognition, in this work we have choice the Zernik moments and Gabor filter.\par
i. Zernike Moments Zernike moments are used in pattern recognition applications as invariant descriptors of the image shape. They have been proven to be superior to moment functions such as geometric moments in terms of their feature representation capabilities and robustness in the presence of image quantization error and noise \hyperref[b18]{[18]} They provide a compact way of describing an object's overall shape using a small set of values.\par
ii. Gabor Filter Tifinagh character image features are extracted in this part using Gabor filters which can be written as a two dimensional Gabor function g(x, y), its Fourier transform G(u, v) as given in Equations below \hyperref[b20]{[20]}:(1) (2)\par
Where ? x , ? y are the variances of x and y along the x, y axis, respectively; ?u =½ ??x and ?v = ½ ?? y .\par
After filtering the given input image, statistical features such as the mean and the variance of the image are computed. The extracted feature vector is constructed from the means and variances of all filtered images.\par
The Gabor filters are applied using the different orientations and scales. The mean ? and the standard deviation ? for each filtered image are then computed to form the character feature vector. 
\section[{III. CLASSIFICATION}]{III. CLASSIFICATION}\par
Classification is the process of assigning the sensed data to their corresponding class with respect to groups with homogeneous characteristics, with the aim of discriminating multiple objects from each other within the image. Some classification techniques used in this work are: 
\section[{IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS}]{IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS}\par
A series of experiments have been performed to evaluate the effectiveness of different techniques of extraction features and classification. These experiments were performed on database of isolated Amazigh handwritten characters (AMHCD), 4200 character images from the portion of AMHCD were used in our experiment, 3100 character images were used for training and 930 character images were used to test identification performance.  ? Hidden Markov Model :are a powerful tool frequently used in handwritten text recognition \hyperref[b22]{[22]}[23], and also in other fields related to pattern recognition and computational linguistics, like speech recognition, machine translation, Parts-Of-Speech tagging and information retrieval. ? Support Vector Machines:Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are a set of related supervised learning methods which can be used for both classification and regression \hyperref[b24]{[24]}. The table shows the comparison of recognition rates between statistical, geometric, global transformations and Moments methods for extraction features using three divers classifier; NN,HMM and SVM. 
\section[{The table below shows the experimental results of the different techniques of extraction features and classification's methods:}]{The table below shows the experimental results of the different techniques of extraction features and classification's methods:}\par
As can be seen in table above, the results of recognition rate are varied according to extraction features technique used.\par
If we compared the results, we find that discrimination capability of statistical methods is better, whereas the Gabor filter and Zernike moments which are invariant to translation and rotation are limited for selection the pertinent features due to the similarity of Tifinagh characters (e.g. and , and ).Structural technique gives an important resultsopening the way to a set of combination of statistic and geometric methods to integrate both the peculiarities of the text and the pixel distribution characteristics in the character image.\par
After analysing the result files that describe the target and actual outputs, we found that for some particular characters, the classification rate is poor. It can be explained that feature extraction techniques are influenced by many factors such as the variations of characters, the order of the strokes always different for different writers. Also, the form of the strokes can be varied. For example, the straight strokes can be curved as bows. Also the similarity of characters influence clearly the results, some characters were easily recognized as other particular characters such as the and , and , and . On other hand, the results are influenced mainly by the classifier performance, it is observed that recognition rate using HMMs are low compared to SVM and NN due the major problem of HMMs which is the estimation of emission probabilities, this confirms that HMMs are powerful to model sequences but still limited compared to NN and SVM in classification. To improve the results obtained using HMMs, it is recommended to use a hybrid classifier. 
\section[{V. CONCLUSION}]{V. CONCLUSION}\par
Feature extraction is an important phase in text recognition systems and for many pattern recognition problems.\par
In this paper, we have evaluated the feature extraction techniques for offline character recognition of Tifinagh script using various classifiers, the best recognition rate was achieved using statistical techniques. We noticed that the success rate of any recognition system depends not only on the features extraction but it depends on several reasons such as the recognizer technique, the pre-processing stage.\par
The work done is a first step for several perspectives. We try to improve the recognition rate by combining several classes of features to give a more general description of the character and classification techniques for a better representation and the speed of the system. We try to extend the approach to therecognition of words, sentences and texts and to other scripts, then exploit the results to develop a contextual recognition system.\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 2 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 3 :}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_4}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1} \par 
\begin{longtable}{}
\end{longtable} \par
  {\small\itshape [Note: T.R: Training Rate; R.R: Recognition Rate 39 Year 2016]} 
\caption{\label{tab_0}Table 1 :}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2016 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 		 		\backmatter  			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
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\end{document}
