\documentclass[11pt,twoside]{article}\makeatletter

\IfFileExists{xcolor.sty}%
  {\RequirePackage{xcolor}}%
  {\RequirePackage{color}}
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{wrapfig}
\usepackage{ifxetex}
\ifxetex
  \usepackage{fontspec}
  \usepackage{xunicode}
  \catcode`⃥=\active \def⃥{\textbackslash}
  \catcode`❴=\active \def❴{\{}
  \catcode`❵=\active \def❵{\}}
  \def\textJapanese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK JP}}
  \def\textChinese{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK SC}}
  \def\textKorean{\fontspec{Noto Sans CJK KR}}
  \setmonofont{DejaVu Sans Mono}
  
\else
  \IfFileExists{utf8x.def}%
   {\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
      \PrerenderUnicode{–}
    }%
   {\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}}
  \usepackage[english]{babel}
  \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
  \usepackage{float}
  \usepackage[]{ucs}
  \uc@dclc{8421}{default}{\textbackslash }
  \uc@dclc{10100}{default}{\{}
  \uc@dclc{10101}{default}{\}}
  \uc@dclc{8491}{default}{\AA{}}
  \uc@dclc{8239}{default}{\,}
  \uc@dclc{20154}{default}{ }
  \uc@dclc{10148}{default}{>}
  \def\textschwa{\rotatebox{-90}{e}}
  \def\textJapanese{}
  \def\textChinese{}
  \IfFileExists{tipa.sty}{\usepackage{tipa}}{}
\fi
\def\exampleFont{\ttfamily\small}
\DeclareTextSymbol{\textpi}{OML}{25}
\usepackage{relsize}
\RequirePackage{array}
\def\@testpach{\@chclass
 \ifnum \@lastchclass=6 \@ne \@chnum \@ne \else
  \ifnum \@lastchclass=7 5 \else
   \ifnum \@lastchclass=8 \tw@ \else
    \ifnum \@lastchclass=9 \thr@@
   \else \z@
   \ifnum \@lastchclass = 10 \else
   \edef\@nextchar{\expandafter\string\@nextchar}%
   \@chnum
   \if \@nextchar c\z@ \else
    \if \@nextchar l\@ne \else
     \if \@nextchar r\tw@ \else
   \z@ \@chclass
   \if\@nextchar |\@ne \else
    \if \@nextchar !6 \else
     \if \@nextchar @7 \else
      \if \@nextchar (8 \else
       \if \@nextchar )9 \else
  10
  \@chnum
  \if \@nextchar m\thr@@\else
   \if \@nextchar p4 \else
    \if \@nextchar b5 \else
   \z@ \@chclass \z@ \@preamerr \z@ \fi \fi \fi \fi
   \fi \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi  \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi \fi}
\gdef\arraybackslash{\let\\=\@arraycr}
\def\@textsubscript#1{{\m@th\ensuremath{_{\mbox{\fontsize\sf@size\z@#1}}}}}
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\def\abbr{}
\def\corr{}
\def\expan{}
\def\gap{}
\def\orig{}
\def\reg{}
\def\ref{}
\def\sic{}
\def\persName{}\def\name{}
\def\placeName{}
\def\orgName{}
\def\textcal#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Calligraphy}#1}}
\def\textgothic#1{{\fontspec{Lucida Blackletter}#1}}
\def\textlarge#1{{\large #1}}
\def\textoverbar#1{\ensuremath{\overline{#1}}}
\def\textquoted#1{‘#1’}
\def\textsmall#1{{\small #1}}
\def\textsubscript#1{\@textsubscript{\selectfont#1}}
\def\textxi{\ensuremath{\xi}}
\def\titlem{\itshape}
\newenvironment{biblfree}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{bibl}{}{}
\newenvironment{byline}{\vskip6pt\itshape\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{citbibl}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docAuthor}{\ifvmode\vskip4pt\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont\fi\itshape}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docDate}{}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docImprint}{\vskip 6pt}{\ifvmode\par\fi }
\newenvironment{docTitle}{\vskip6pt\bfseries\fontsize{22pt}{25pt}\selectfont}{\par }
\newenvironment{msHead}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{msItem}{\vskip 6pt}{\par}
\newenvironment{rubric}{}{}
\newenvironment{titlePart}{}{\par }

\newcolumntype{L}[1]{){\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{C}[1]{){\centering\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{R}[1]{){\raggedleft\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{P}[1]{){\arraybackslash}p{#1}}
\newcolumntype{B}[1]{){\arraybackslash}b{#1}}
\newcolumntype{M}[1]{){\arraybackslash}m{#1}}
\definecolor{label}{gray}{0.75}
\def\unusedattribute#1{\sout{\textcolor{label}{#1}}}
\DeclareRobustCommand*{\xref}{\hyper@normalise\xref@}
\def\xref@#1#2{\hyper@linkurl{#2}{#1}}
\begingroup
\catcode`\_=\active
\gdef_#1{\ensuremath{\sb{\mathrm{#1}}}}
\endgroup
\mathcode`\_=\string"8000
\catcode`\_=12\relax

\usepackage[a4paper,twoside,lmargin=1in,rmargin=1in,tmargin=1in,bmargin=1in,marginparwidth=0.75in]{geometry}
\usepackage{framed}

\definecolor{shadecolor}{gray}{0.95}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage[normalem]{ulem}
\usepackage{fancyvrb}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{marginnote}

\renewcommand{\@cite}[1]{#1}


\renewcommand*{\marginfont}{\itshape\footnotesize}

\def\Gin@extensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg,.mps,.tif}

  \pagestyle{fancy}

\usepackage[pdftitle={Fixed Mobile Convergence Ims Approach},
 pdfauthor={}]{hyperref}
\hyperbaseurl{}

	 \paperwidth210mm
	 \paperheight297mm
              
\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
\def\@tocrmarg {2.55em}
\def\@dotsep{4.5}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
\clubpenalty=8000
\emergencystretch 3em
\hbadness=4000
\hyphenpenalty=400
\pretolerance=750
\tolerance=2000
\vbadness=4000
\widowpenalty=10000

\renewcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex \@plus -0.5ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large\bfseries}}
\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}%
     {-1.75ex\@plus -0.5ex \@minus- .2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\Large}}
\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}%
     {-1.5ex\@plus -0.35ex \@minus -.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\large}}
\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}%
     {-1ex \@plus-0.35ex \@minus -0.2ex}%
     {0.5ex \@plus .2ex}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize}}
\renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\parindent}%
     {1.5ex \@plus1ex \@minus .2ex}%
     {-1em}%
     {\reset@font\normalsize\bfseries}}


\def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt}
 \@tempdima 1.5em \begingroup
 \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth 
 \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth 
 \bfseries \leavevmode #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par
 \endgroup}
\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}}
\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}}
\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}}
\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}}
\@ifundefined{c@section}{\newcounter{section}}{}
\@ifundefined{c@chapter}{\newcounter{chapter}}{}
\newif\if@mainmatter 
\@mainmattertrue
\def\chaptername{Chapter}
\def\frontmatter{%
  \pagenumbering{roman}
  \def\thechapter{\@roman\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\roman{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@roman\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\roman{section}}
  \def\@chapapp{}%
}
\def\mainmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \def\thechapter{\@arabic\c@chapter}
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \pagenumbering{arabic}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{6}
  \def\@chapapp{\chaptername}%
  \def\theHchapter{\arabic{chapter}}
  \def\thesection{\@arabic\c@section}
  \def\theHsection{\arabic{section}}
}
\def\backmatter{%
  \cleardoublepage
  \setcounter{chapter}{0}
  \setcounter{section}{0}
  \setcounter{secnumdepth}{2}
  \def\@chapapp{\appendixname}%
  \def\thechapter{\@Alph\c@chapter}
  \def\theHchapter{\Alph{chapter}}
  \appendix
}
\newenvironment{bibitemlist}[1]{%
   \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
       {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
        \leftmargin\labelwidth
        \advance\leftmargin\labelsep
        \@openbib@code
        \usecounter{enumiv}%
        \let\p@enumiv\@empty
        \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}%
	}%
  \sloppy
  \clubpenalty4000
  \@clubpenalty \clubpenalty
  \widowpenalty4000%
  \sfcode`\.\@m}%
  {\def\@noitemerr
    {\@latex@warning{Empty `bibitemlist' environment}}%
    \endlist}

\def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}}
\parskip0pt
\parindent1em
\def\Panel#1#2#3#4{\multicolumn{#3}{){\columncolor{#2}}#4}{#1}}
\newenvironment{reflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\itshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{sansreflist}{%
  \begin{raggedright}\begin{list}{}
  {%
   \setlength{\topsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\rightmargin}{0.25in}%
   \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}%
   \setlength{\parsep}{2pt}%
   \def\makelabel##1{\upshape ##1}}%
  }
  {\end{list}\end{raggedright}}
\newenvironment{specHead}[2]%
 {\vspace{20pt}\hrule\vspace{10pt}%
  \phantomsection\label{#1}\markright{#2}%

  \pdfbookmark[2]{#2}{#1}%
  \hspace{-0.75in}{\bfseries\fontsize{16pt}{18pt}\selectfont#2}%
  }{}
      \def\TheFullDate{2012-05-15 (revised: 15 May 2012)}
\def\TheID{\makeatother }
\def\TheDate{2012-05-15}
\title{Fixed Mobile Convergence Ims Approach}
\author{}\makeatletter 
\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\cleartoleftpage}{%
  \clearpage
    \if@twoside
    \ifodd\c@page
      \hbox{}\newpage
      \if@twocolumn
        \hbox{}\newpage
      \fi
    \fi
  \fi
}
\makeatother
\makeatletter
\thispagestyle{empty}
\markright{\@title}\markboth{\@title}{\@author}
\renewcommand\small{\@setfontsize\small{9pt}{11pt}\abovedisplayskip 8.5\p@ plus3\p@ minus4\p@
\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip
\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2\p@
\belowdisplayshortskip 4\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@
\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini
               \topsep 2\p@ plus1\p@ minus1\p@
               \parsep 2\p@ plus\p@ minus\p@
               \itemsep 1pt}
}
\makeatother
\fvset{frame=single,numberblanklines=false,xleftmargin=5mm,xrightmargin=5mm}
\fancyhf{} 
\setlength{\headheight}{14pt}
\fancyhead[LE]{\bfseries\leftmark} 
\fancyhead[RO]{\bfseries\rightmark} 
\fancyfoot[RO]{}
\fancyfoot[CO]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[LO]{\TheID}
\fancyfoot[LE]{}
\fancyfoot[CE]{\thepage}
\fancyfoot[RE]{\TheID}
\hypersetup{citebordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,linkbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,urlbordercolor=0.75 0.75 0.75,bookmarksnumbered=true}
\fancypagestyle{plain}{\fancyhead{}\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}}

\date{}
\usepackage{authblk}

\providecommand{\keywords}[1]
{
\footnotesize
  \textbf{\textit{Index terms---}} #1
}

\usepackage{graphicx,xcolor}
\definecolor{GJBlue}{HTML}{273B81}
\definecolor{GJLightBlue}{HTML}{0A9DD9}
\definecolor{GJMediumGrey}{HTML}{6D6E70}
\definecolor{GJLightGrey}{HTML}{929497} 

\renewenvironment{abstract}{%
   \setlength{\parindent}{0pt}\raggedright
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
   \textcolor{GJBlue}{\large\bfseries\abstractname\space}
}{%   
   \vskip8pt
   \textcolor{GJMediumGrey}{\rule{\textwidth}{2pt}}
   \vskip16pt
}

\usepackage[absolute,overlay]{textpos}

\makeatother 
      \usepackage{lineno}
      \linenumbers
      
\begin{document}

             \author[1]{H K  Sawant}

             \affil[1]{  Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University}

\renewcommand\Authands{ and }

\date{\small \em Received: 8 April 2012 Accepted: 3 May 2012 Published: 15 May 2012}

\maketitle


\begin{abstract}
        


The paper is aimed at studying and analyzing the network performance parameters of SIP protocol.SIP is content based protocol, in which various message are required to be transacted so that a session could be created, terminated or modified. Therefore, the objective is to analyze various SIP activities and the delay incurred in session start-up under various network conditions. Proper functioning of IMS platform is dependent on optimum performance of several protocols specified in the standard. Nearly all of the protocols used in IMS are standardized by the IETF. Some of the major protocols are SIP, SDP-signaling protocol, DIAMETERimprovised version of RADIUS protocol,COPS-Common Open Policy Service, H.248-descendant of MEGACo, RTP/RTCP-Real Time Protocol/Real Time Control Protocol, etc. Out of all these, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is the prominent protocol used to create, terminate and modify the sessions initiated by the user. In order to improve the performance parameters, this is the area where most of the research work is centralized. Hence, to study various aspects of SIP protocol with respect to the network performance is of great interest.

\end{abstract}


\keywords{}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1cm,1cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\LARGE Global Journals \LaTeX\ JournalKaleidoscope\texttrademark}
\end{textblock*}

\begin{textblock*}{18cm}(1.4cm,1.5cm) % {block width} (coords) 
\textcolor{GJBlue}{\footnotesize \\ Artificial Intelligence formulated this projection for compatibility purposes from the original article published at Global Journals. However, this technology is currently in beta. \emph{Therefore, kindly ignore odd layouts, missed formulae, text, tables, or figures.}}
\end{textblock*}


\let\tabcellsep& 	 	 		 
\section[{Fixed Mobile Convergence -Ims Approach}]{Fixed Mobile Convergence -Ims Approach}\par
Ashwini Patil ? \& H K Sawant ? A Abstract -The paper is aimed at studying and analyzing the network performance parameters of SIP protocol. SIP is content based protocol, in which various message are required to be transacted so that a session could be created, terminated or modified. Therefore, the objective is to analyze various SIP activities and the delay incurred in session start-up under various network conditions. Proper functioning of IMS platform is dependent on optimum performance of several protocols specified in the standard. Nearly all of the protocols used in IMS are standardized by the IETF. Some of the major protocols are SIP, SDP-signaling protocol, DIAMETERimprovised version of RADIUS protocol,COPS-Common Open Policy Service, H.248-descendant of MEGACo, RTP/RTCP-Real Time Protocol/Real Time Control Protocol, etc. Out of all these, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is the prominent protocol used to create, terminate and modify the sessions initiated by the user. In order to improve the performance parameters, this is the area where most of the research work is centralized. Hence, to study various aspects of SIP protocol with respect to the network performance is of great interest. n today's market scenario, it is seen that the mobile segment is growing with the faster speed all over the globe. Considering the Indian telecom sector, it is noticed that our telecom network is the second largest network in the world and it is the fastest growing network in the world. That's why Indian telecom sector is the true representative of the whole world. Following important issues are cropping up in the telecom sector and constraining the telecom growth. a) Volume of telecom traffic is rising day by day and tariffs are falling down abysmally low. b) Launching of high data speed services like 3G and BWA is on the anvil. Content based services and VAS are on the rise. c) Fixed line network is reducing and competing with the wireless services. The fixed line broadband growth is not able to meet the market demand.\par
There is a scarcity of spectrum and it is adding more expenditure towards erection of extra infrastructure/BTS's in a defined geographical area.\par
Call drops are more due to multiple hand-offs in small area, which is degrading the Quality of Service (QoS).\par
Broadband on WLAN's is an integral part of the Fixed wireless Network, which can offer connectivity at outdoor as well as indoor, has not established the roots prominently in many countries till today. Competitive pricing and aggressive marketing are greatly affecting the churning of customers. The solution to all these problems is the Convergence of Fixed and Wireless services. 
\section[{a) Present Trends}]{a) Present Trends}\par
Excluding the demarcations evolving between business and personal lives, new styles are emerging, which are demanding for services that are required at business and personal level. Now a days short message can be sent between mobile devices and fixed line phones. Service providers can provide seamless services over the common network infrastructure on wireless and wire-line broadband networks. The implementation of IP and SIP makes it possible to establish multiple sessions over an IP network or multiple networks and gives perception that there is a single network. 
\section[{b) Convergence}]{b) Convergence}\par
With the technological advancements, the differences between fixed and wireless networks and hence the respective services are becoming unnoticeable. This convergence can allow a mobile call of a user to be delivered on s fixed phone or a fixed phone call can be delivered on a mobile device as per the suitability of the user. The main objective being that the mobile services and fixed services can be established on a single device which can switch between networks. Fixed Mobile Convergence can be achieved via user mobile device which can support wide area (cellular) access and local area (Wi-Fi) access. The concept of convergence is more user centric than network access technology.\par
As per the ITU-T recommendation Q.1761 on the principle and requirements for convergence of fixed and existing IMT-2000 system defines Fixed Mobile Convergence (FMC) as "A mechanism by which, on IMT-2000 user can have his basic voice as well as other services through a fixed network as per his subscription options and capability of the access technology". 
\section[{c) Convergence Characteristics}]{c) Convergence Characteristics}\par
Converged Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) -e.g. The services that a user is accessing through different gadgets can be made available on a single Wi-Fi phone. Thus the Wi-Fi phone can become the converged CPE. Convergence brings up the concept of personalization of services in fixed line services as these services are used at par with the wireless services. Irrespective of the configuration, the converged services bring out the unification of different I aspects like freedom of mobility with the security, quality of service, higher bandwidth and lower costs of fixedline services. It gives uniform communication experience at home and away from home with convenience and freedom of movement.\par
The converged network makes use of various radio spectrums and different technologies as a backbone infrastructure. The multi-radio infrastructure enables the cooperation of existing radio networks to combine their spectrum-efficient capabilities, whereby high-quality mobile multimedia services shall be provided.\par
In the past few years, the evolution of cellular networks has reflected immense success and growth which was experienced by Internet in the last decade. This leads to networks where Internet Protocol connectivity is provided to mobile nodes. The result is third generation (3G) networks where IP services such as voice over IP (VoIP) and instant messaging (IM) are provided to mobile nodes (MN) in addition to connectivity. With import of Wi-Fi, Wi-MAX, digital video broadcasting, satellite, internet, etc. the current architecture of telecommunication network has been facing a challenge of interoperability.\par
Hence, the solution was to devise an interoperable platform which can provide the services irrespective of the access technology. The basic approaches to convergence are UMA: Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) is a new technology that provides access to GSM services over Wireless LAN or Bluetooth. It also challenges the assumption of closed platform, since it is relatively easy to implement a UMA phone purely in software running on standard PC hardware and operating systems. In the UMA solution, exiting cellular network remains unmodified, and a new network element, the UMA Network Controller (UNC), is introduced. UNC acts as a gateway between the mobile operator core network and Internet or a broadband IP access network such as ADSL or cable. The phone connects to the IP network using a standard WLAN or Bluetooth access point. Since GSM/GPRS core security mechanisms; new mechanisms are defined only for protecting the communication between the phone and UNC.\par
SIP : The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a signaling protocol used for establishing sessions in an IP network. A session could be a simple two-way telephone call or it could be a collaborative multi-media conference session. The ability to establish these sessions means that a host of innovative services become possible, such as voice-enriched e-commerce, web page click-to-dial, Instant Messaging with buddy lists, and IP Centrex services. SIP is a request-response protocol that closely resembles two other internet protocols, HTTP and SMTP; consequently, SIP sits comfortably alongside Internet application. Using SIP, telephony becomes another web application and integrates easily into other Internet services. SIP is a simple toolkit that service providers can use to build converged voice and multimedia services. SIP is an "application-layer control (signaling) protocol for creating, modifying, and terminating sessions with one or more participants. These sessions include Internet telephone calls, multimedia distribution, and multimedia conferences."\par
IMS: IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is referred as the heart of NGN. The 3GPP has published a number of specifications that define the IMS as the part of the 3G wireless environment which will "enable the convergence of, and access to, voice, video, messaging, data and web-based technologies for the wireless user." The 3GPP defined the IMS specifications in support of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). The UMTS is the 3G evolution of the GSM.\par
IMS is the envisioned solution that will provide new multimedia rich communication services by mixing telecom and data on an access independent IP based architecture, defined in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) and Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standards.\par
The aim of IMS is to provide all the services, current and future, that the Internet provides with roaming facilities. To achieve these goals, IMS supports peer-to-peer IP communications between existing technology standards while providing a framework for inter-operability of voice and data services for both fixed (POTS, ISDN) and mobile users (802.11, GSM, CDMA, UMTS). It provides session control, connection control and an application services framework with both subscriber and services data, while allowing interoperability of these converged services between subscribers. IMS truly merges the Internet with the cellular world; it uses cellular technologies to provide ubiquitous access and Internet technologies to provide appealing services.  
\section[{March}]{March}\par
The definition of IMS by 3GPP is an all packet core network that is able to accept all types of access networks i.e. WiMAX, CDMA, GSM in order to deliver a wide range a multimedia services which can be offered to the user by any device connected to the network. The use of SIP in IMS enable the support of IP-to-IP sessions over any wire-line connection system like DSL as well as wireless networks like Wi-Fi, GSM and CDMA. The IMS allows the inter-working between the traditional TDM networks and the IP networks. 
\section[{a) Access Layer}]{a) Access Layer}\par
The IMS architecture is independent of any access bearer. In the mobile networks the access layer could be any or a combination of the following: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Enhance Data Rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Wireless Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) and Wireless Local Area Networks (W-LAN or Wi-Fi). The fixed line networks makes use of Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines (ADSL) and cable network accesses. 
\section[{b) Transport Layer}]{b) Transport Layer}\par
This is an all IP network which consist of IP Routers. These routers are Label Edge Routers and Core Switching Networks. The IP/MPLS ( Multi-protocol cable Switching) is the transport layer technology for IMS platform. MPLS defines a mechanism for the forwarding of packets in a router network. Due to its flexibility, the MPLS has become the default IP transport network for the Next Generation Networks making use of the IMS core in order to reliability and Quality of Service. 
\section[{c) Session Control Layer}]{c) Session Control Layer}\par
This layer consists of network control servers which are used for the management of calls, establishment and modifications of sessions in the IMS platform. Two main elements in this layer are the Call Session Control Function (CSCF) and the Home Subscriber Server (HSS). These two elements form the core of the ISM architecture and are sometimes referred to as SIP Servers. The CSCF provide end-point registration and routing of SIP signaling messages and provide interworking with the transport layer for guaranteed QoS of all services. The HSS is the database that is used to store the subscriber service profiles and service triggers. The other information stored by the HSS includes the dynamic data of the subscribes like location information. 
\section[{d) Application Layer}]{d) Application Layer}\par
This layer makes use of application and content servers to provide value-added services. The Application Server (AS), the Multimedia Resource Function Controller (MRFC) and Multimedia Function Resource processor (MFRP) form the core of this layer. The AS is responsible for the execution of servicespecific logic i.e. user interaction with subscribers and call flows. The MRFP is also known as IP media server is used to provide media processing for the application layer. The media server is used to enable to delivery of some non-telephony services like Push-to-Talk (PTT), speech enabled services, video services and other services like conferencing, prepaid and personalized call-back tones.\par
The control and application layers are access and transport independent and this is very useful in order to ensure that the user is able access the ISM services required from any access network and from any connection device. CSCF is a SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) server which processes SIP signaling in the IMS. CSCFs are dynamically associated, service-independent and standardized access points. It distributes incoming calls to the application services and handles initial subscriber authentication. There are three types of CSCFs depending on the functionality they provide.\par
P-CSCF (Proxy-CSCF): The P-CSCF is the first point of contact between the IMS terminal and the IMS network. All the requests initiated by the IMS terminal or destined to the IMS terminal traverse the P-CSCF. This node provides several functions related to security. The P-CSCF also generates charging information toward a charging collection node. An IMS usually includes a number of P-CSCFs for the sake of scalability and redundancy. Each P-CSCF serves a number of IMS terminals, depending on the capacity of the node.\par
I-CSCF (Interrogating-CSCF): The I-CSCF provides the functionality of a SIP proxy server. It also has an interface to the SLF (Subscriber Location Function) and HSS (Home Subscriber Server). This interface is based on the Diameter protocol (RFC 3588). I-CSCF retrieves user location information and routes the SIP request to the appropriate destination, typically an S-CSCF.\par
S-CSCF (Serving-CSCF): The S-CSCF is a SIP server that performs session control. It maintains a binding between the user location and the user's SIP address of record (also known as Public User Identity). Like the I-CSCF, the S-CSCF also implements a Diameter interface to the HSS. 
\section[{b) SIP AS (Application Server)}]{b) SIP AS (Application Server)}\par
The AS is a SIP entity that hosts and executes IP Multimedia Services based on SIP. c) MGCF (Media Gateway Control Function) MGCF implements a state machine that does protocol conversion and maps SIP to either ISUP (ISDN User part) over IP or BICC (Bearer Independent Call Control) over IP. The protocol used between the MGCF and the MGW is H.248 (ITU-T Recommendation H.248). 
\section[{d) MGW (Media Gateway)}]{d) MGW (Media Gateway)}\par
The MGW interfaces the media plane of the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) or CS (Circuit Switched) network. On one side the MGW is able to send and receive IMS media over the Real-Time Protocol (RTP). On the other side the MGW uses one or more PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) time slots to connect to the CS network. Additionally, the MGW performs trans-coding when the IMS terminal does not support the codec used by the CS side. 
\section[{e) HSS (Home Subscriber Server)}]{e) HSS (Home Subscriber Server)}\par
It contains all the user related subscription data required to handle multimedia sessions. These data include, among other items, location information, security information (including both authentication and authorization information), user profile information and the S-CSCF allocated to the user. The SLF (Subscription Location Function) is a simple database that maps users' addresses to HSSs. Both the HSS and the SLF implement the Diameter protocol. Several works analyzed the subject of SIP signaling from different angles. All these works did not associate any constraints to the access network and assumed an infinite bandwidth over the link between the User Agents, IMS entities and intermediate routers. This assumption is not true and the impact of SIP signaling on the network and its consequences on the SIP nodes must be evaluated. Apart from this, most of the studies were carried out with topology containing either fixed nodes or mobile nodes only; therefore the performance of a hybrid topology can be studied too.\par
So keeping in mind the drawback of the previous works, we propose a topology consisting of both mobile and fixed nodes with proper specification of suitable links between them.  
\section[{Statistic to}]{Statistic to}\begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-2.png}
\caption{\label{fig_0}Figure. 1}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{2}\includegraphics[]{image-3.png}
\caption{\label{fig_1}Figure 2}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{3}\includegraphics[]{image-4.png}
\caption{\label{fig_2}Figure 3}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{1}\includegraphics[]{image-5.png}
\caption{\label{fig_3}Be Obtained 1 .}\end{figure}
 			\footnote{© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US) Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology Volume XII Issue V Version I} 			\footnote{© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US)} 			\footnote{© 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US) 2012 March} 		 		\backmatter  			 \par
Next Generation Networks (NGNs) aims at providing a wide range of services to end-users over an access independent platform while allowing for better Quality of service (QoS), charging mechanism and integration of services as compared to conventional fixed or mobile networks. The NGN core network is known as IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) which is the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardized core network for all IP-convergence of fixed and mobile networks.\par
The core functionality of the IMS is built on the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standardized protocol for the creation, management and termination of multimedia sessions on the internet. Hence to study the signalling of SIP traffic is the subject of major interest.\par
In this work we have to analyze the impact of different types of traffic load with varying pattern of the SIP signalling carried over the network. We need to configure a hybrid network topology consisting of IMS entities I-CSCF, P-CSCF, S-CSCF, intermediate routers and SIP enabled fixed and mobile nodes. Then we have to create different scenarios and varied their respective parameters. Other signalling protocol like H.323, etc, do not support mobility but SIP handles this problem because of the Mobile IP support.\par
The IMS is based on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) which is a text based protocol. The IMS will generally create additional signaling traffic in the IP based networks, so there is a need to take necessary precautions to minimize the signaling overload. 
\subsection[{This page is intentionally left blank}]{This page is intentionally left blank}\par
Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology Volume XII Issue V Version I			 			  				\begin{bibitemlist}{1}
\bibitem[ Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects]{b1}\label{b1} 	 		\textit{},  	 	 		\textit{Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects}  		 	 	 (3GPP) 
\bibitem[ Architecture]{b4}\label{b4} 	 		\textit{},  		 TS 23.207 v5.6.0.  	 	 		\textit{Architecture}  		p. .  	 	 (Release 5) 
\bibitem[ 3GPP]{b5}\label{b5} 	 		\textit{},  	 	 		\textit{3GPP}  		 	 	 (Technical Specification Group Core Network) 
\bibitem[3gpp and Ssa]{b0}\label{b0} 	 		 			Tsg 3gpp 		,  		 			Ssa 		.  		\textit{IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) -Stage 2},  				 	 	 (Release 7), TS23.228 v.7.3.0, 2006-03) 
\bibitem[3GPP, Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects: QoS Concept and]{b3}\label{b3} 	 		\textit{3GPP, Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects: QoS Concept and},  				 	 
\bibitem[Xiao et al. ()]{b9}\label{b9} 	 		\textit{A Flow-based Traffic Model for SIP Messages in IMS},  		 			Jie Xiao 		,  		 			Changcheng Huang 		,  		 			James Yan 		.  		 978-1-4244-4148-8/09.  		2009.  	 	 (proceedings) 
\bibitem[Perkins ()]{b7}\label{b7} 	 		‘IP mobility support for IPv4’.  		 			Perkins 		.  	 	 		\textit{RFC}  		2002. 3344.  		 			Internet Engineering Task Force 		 	 
\bibitem[IP Multimedia Call Control Protocol based on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and Session Description Protocol (SDP (2006)]{b11}\label{b11} 	 		\textit{IP Multimedia Call Control Protocol based on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and Session Description Protocol (SDP},  		 V5.16.0.  		March 2006.  	 
\bibitem[Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) -Stage 2]{b2}\label{b2} 	 		 TS 23.228 v5.6.0.  		\textit{Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) -Stage 2},  				p. .  	 	 (Release 5) 
\bibitem[Schulzrinne and Rosenberg (2002)]{b12}\label{b12} 	 		\textit{Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), RFC 3261},  		 			H Schulzrinne 		,  		 			J Rosenberg 		.  		June 2002.  	 
\bibitem[Signalling flows for the IP multimedia call control based on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and Session Description Protocol (SDP) V5.14 (2005)]{b13}\label{b13} 	 		\textit{Signalling flows for the IP multimedia call control based on Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and Session Description Protocol (SDP) V5.14},  		 GPP. TS 24 228.  		December 2005.  	 
\bibitem[Signalling flows for the IP multimedia call control based on SIP and SDP; Stage 3]{b6}\label{b6} 	 		 TS 24.228 v5.2.0.  		\textit{Signalling flows for the IP multimedia call control based on SIP and SDP; Stage 3},  				p. .  	 
\bibitem[Planat and Kara ()]{b8}\label{b8} 	 		‘SIP Signaling retransmission analysis over 3G network’.  		 			V Planat 		,  		 			N Kara 		.  	 	 		\textit{Proceedings of MoMM},  				 (MoMM)  		2006.  	 
\bibitem[Munir and Ross (2010)]{b10}\label{b10} 	 		‘SIP-Based IMS Signaling Analysis for WiMax-3G Interworking Architectures’.  		 			Arslan Munir 		,  		 			Gordon Ross 		.  		 1536-1233/10.  	 	 		\textit{IEEE Transactions on mobile computing}  		May 2010. 9  (5) .  	 
\end{bibitemlist}
 			 		 	 
\end{document}
